Hoitotyön opettaja eettisenä osaajana ja yhteiskunnallisena vaikuttajana : Hoitotyön johtajien ja harjoittelun ohjaajien näkökulma

Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli kuvata hoitotyön opettajien eettistä ja yhteiskunnallista osaamista hoitotyön johtajien ja harjoittelun ohjaajien näkökulmasta tarkasteltuna. Lisäksi selvitettiin miten vastaajaryhmien näkemykset hoitotyön opettajan eettisestä osaamisesta ja yhteiskunnallisesta vaikuttamisesta eroavat toisistaan. Tämä työ on osa Hoitotyön opettajan osaaminen –tutkimushanketta, jonka tavoitteena oli saadun tiedon perusteella kehittää hoitotyön opettajien koulutusta ja työn laatua. Tutkimusaineisto kerättiin valtakunnallisesti 2011 perusterveydenhuollon ja erikoissairaanhoidon organisaatioista Hoitotyön opettajan etiikka ja arvoperusta –mittarilla (Leino-Kilpi, Matilainen & Kasèn 2006) sekä opettajan yhteiskunnallista aktiivisuutta mittaavalla mittarilla (mukaillen Paltta 1998). Kysely lähetettiin sähköisenä kyselynä Webropol –ohjelmalla ylihoitajille/johtaville hoitajille. Kyselyyn vastasi 64 hoitotyön johtajaa (vastausprosentti 21,3 %) sekä 64 harjoittelun ohjaajaa ja harjoittelusta vastaavaa hoitajaa (vastausprosentti 12,8 %). Tutkimusaineiston Likert-asteikolliset kysymykset analysoitiin tilastollisesti. Analysoinnissa käytettiin IBM SPSS 27 sekä QSR NVivo 12 tilastolaskenta– ja tutkimuksenanalysointiohjelmistoja. Likert-asteikollisten kysymysten kuvaamiseen käytettiin frekvenssejä, prosentteja ja tunnuslukuja. Vastaajaryhmien välisiä eroavaisuuksia selvitettiin ristiintaulukoinnilla ja Khiin neliö –testillä. Avoimet kysymykset arvioitiin sisällön analysoinnin menetelmin hyödyntäen luokittelua ja kategorisointia. Hoitotyön johtajat ja harjoittelun ohjaajat näkevät melko yhteisellä tavalla hoitotyön opettajan eettisen osaamisen ja yhteiskunnallisen vaikuttamisen. Hoitotyön johtajien ja harjoittelun ohjaajien näkemyksen mukaan opettajien eettinen osaaminen näkyi parhaiten opetustyön eettisten periaatteiden hallinnassa ja opettajien oikeudenmukaisessa ja kunnioittavassa suhteessa esimiehiinsä sekä hoitotyön johtajiin ja harjoittelun ohjaajiin. Keskeisinä eettisinä hoitotyön opettajan työtä ohjaavina arvoina sekä hoitotyön johtajat että harjoittelujen ohjaajat näkivät oikeudenmukaisuuden, tasapuolisuuden ja tasa-arvoisuuden sekä kunnioituksen. Hoitotyön opettajan työn eettisiksi ongelmiksi nimettiin hoitotyön johtajien ja harjoittelun ohjaajien näkökulmasta ongelmat tasapuolisuuden saavuttamisessa ja opettajan etääntyminen hoitotyöstä. Yhteiskunnallisesta vaikuttamisesta opettajien tietämys arvioitiin parhaaksi koulutuspolitiikan ja terveyspolitiikan alueilla. Johtajien ja ohjaajien välillä ei ollut kokonaisuutta tarkasteltaessa merkittäviä eroavaisuuksia vastauksissa. Tutkimuksen tulosten perusteella voidaan paremmin ymmärtää hoitotyön opettajan työtä ja kehittää sitä edelleen eettisen osaamisen suhteen. Tulokset luovat monipuolisen kuvan hoitotyön opettajan yhteiskunnallisesta vaikuttamisesta. Lisää tutkimusta tarvitaan edelleen molemmista osa-alueista. Erityisesti hoitotyön opettajan yhteiskunnallinen vaikuttaminen on vähän tutkittu aihealue, jonka monipuolinen selvittäminen olisi tarpeen.Ethical understanding and ability to implement it in teaching is important skill for a nursing teacher. To improve nursing education and nursing teachers’ education there is a need to study nursing teachers’ ethical skills and how one should improve those skills. The purpose of this study was to describe nursing teachers’ ethical competence and social influence and activity from the nursing leaders’ and clinical instructors’ viewpoint. Results of this study can be used to improve understanding in nursing teachers’ ethical skills, and influence in society. This work is part of a research project entitled Competence of Nursing Teachers to develop the training and quality of nursing teachers based on the information obtained from research. The data was collected from both basic– and specialized health care in 2011 using web-based Webropol -program. Target groups were nursing leaders (N=100), ward leaders (N=500) and clinical instructors (N=500). Two questionnaires were used: Teacher’s ethics and value base (Leino-Kilpi, Matilainen & Kasén 2006) and Teachers influencing society (Paltta 1998). 64 (21.3 %) leaders and 64 (12.8 %) clinical nurse instructors answered questionnaires. Answers to Likert-scale questions were analyzed using SPSS 27 statistics program. Open questions were analyzed with content analyzing methods using NVivo 12 –program in categorizing and thematic classifying given answers. Frequencies, percentages, and standard deviation were used to describe data. The differences between the defendant groups were explained by cross tables and the Khi square test. The open questions were assessed using content analysis methods using classification, themes and categories. As result both nursing leaders and clinical instructors were quite unison in their opinions about ethical competence and societal impact of nursing teacher. From leaders’ and instructors’ point of view teachers’ competence in ethics were best seen in knowledge of ethical principles of teaching and respectful relationship between teachers and their superiors. Key ethical values guiding nursing teachers’ work were justice, even-handedness, and equality. Ethical problems in nursing teachers work by leaders and instructors were not achieving even-handedness and teacher distancing from actual nursing work. What comes in nursing teachers’ societal influence from nursing leaders' and clinical instructors' view, best assessed areas were teachers’ knowledge in educational politics and healthcare politics. Overall differences between leaders and clinical instructors’ opinions were very small. The results of the study make it possible to better understand and further develop the work of a nursing teacher in terms of ethical competence. The results provide a diverse picture of the social impact of a nursing teacher. More research is still needed in both areas. In particular, the social influence of a nursing teacher has been little studied and needs to be clarified on a wide-ranging basis

Hygroscopicity of Nucleated Nanoparticles in CLOUD 7 Experiments

We investigated hygroscopicity of nucleated nanoparticles derived from dimethylamine and α-pinene with sulfuric acid during CLOUD 7 (Cosmic Leaving OUtdoor Droplets) campaign at CERN. The hygroscopicity of nucleated nanoparticles from 10 to 20 nm in mobility diameter was measured with a nano tandem differential mobility analyzer (nano-TDMA). Here, we present preliminary results from the CLOUD 7 experiments

Effects of site preparation and reindeer grazing on the early-stage success of Scots pine regeneration from seeds in northern Finland and Sweden

The importance of sufficient soil scarification to ensure the regeneration of Scots pine on sub-dry and more fertile sites has been emphasized in many studies. Here we aimed to study, how site preparation intensity affects the early success of natural regeneration and sowing (bare seeds and seed pellets) of Scots pine with or without the reindeer grazing. The study area was located in northern Finland and Sweden where five site preparation methods were compared: unprepared control, logging machine tracks, Huminmix (mixing the mineral soil and organic layer), disc trenching and intensive disc trenching. In each of these we used direct seeding, seed pellets and natural regeneration. Results revealed that even the lightest site preparation methods can provide sufficient regeneration results while the reindeer grazing limits the optimal regeneration result. Huminmix and even the track of the logging machine could provide satisfactory regeneration results both in direct seeding and natural regeneration. This could facilitate the coexistence of forest management, reindeer herding and other land use forms in the same stands and area. The use of seed pellets needs further research, but it may have potential due to lower consumption of seeds and less need for site preparation

Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from Healthy and Aphid-Stressed Scots Pine Emissions.

One barrier to predicting biogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation in a changing climate can be attributed to the complex nature of plant volatile emissions. Plant volatile emissions are dynamic over space and time, and change in response to environmental stressors. This study investigated SOA production from emissions of healthy and aphid-stressed Scots pine saplings via dark ozonolysis and photooxidation chemistry. Laboratory experiments using a batch reaction chamber were used to investigate SOA production from different plant volatile mixtures. The volatile mixture from healthy plants included monoterpenes, aromatics, and a small amount of sesquiterpenes. The biggest change in the volatile mixture for aphid-stressed plants was a large increase (from 1.4 to 7.9 ppb) in sesquiterpenes-particularly acyclic sesquiterpenes, such as the farnesene isomers. Acyclic sesquiterpenes had different effects on SOA production depending on the chemical mechanism. Farnesenes suppressed SOA formation from ozonolysis with a 9.7-14.6% SOA mass yield from healthy plant emissions and a 6.9-10.4% SOA mass yield from aphid-stressed plant emissions. Ozonolysis of volatile mixtures containing more farnesenes promoted fragmentation reactions, which produced higher volatility oxidation products. In contrast, plant volatile mixtures containing more farnesenes did not appreciably change SOA production from photooxidation. SOA mass yields ranged from 10.8 to 23.2% from healthy plant emissions and 17.8-26.8% for aphid-stressed plant emissions. This study highlights the potential importance of acyclic terpene chemistry in a future climate regime with an increased presence of plant stress volatiles

Effects of site preparation and reindeer grazing on the early-stage success of Scots pine regeneration from seeds in northern Finland and Sweden

The importance of sufficient soil scarification to ensure the regeneration of Scots pine on sub-dry and more fertile sites has been emphasized in many studies. Here we aimed to study, how site preparation intensity affects the early success of natural regeneration and sowing (bare seeds and seed pellets) of Scots pine with or without the reindeer grazing. The study area was located in northern Finland and Sweden where five site preparation methods were compared: unprepared control, logging machine tracks, Huminmix (mixing the mineral soil and organic layer), disc trenching and intensive disc trenching. In each of these we used direct seeding, seed pellets and natural regeneration. Results revealed that even the lightest site preparation methods can provide sufficient regeneration results while the reindeer grazing limits the optimal regeneration result. Huminmix and even the track of the logging machine could provide satisfactory regeneration results both in direct seeding and natural regeneration. This could facilitate the coexistence of forest management, reindeer herding and other land use forms in the same stands and area. The use of seed pellets needs further research, but it may have potential due to lower consumption of seeds and less need for site preparation